The rise and establishment of the Dutch Republic (Republic of the United Netherlands) between 1581-1795, was the culmination of a struggle against Spanish imperial presence and hegemony over the Low Countries that originally included both the Dutch speaking areas of modern day Holland the Flemish regions of modern day Belgium. The Spanish and Habsburg Empire's rule over the Netherlands was fractured after the Dutch revolt of 1581 but the Empire retained its control of the more predominantly Catholic and Flemish speaking regions of the Lower Netherlands, (the area of the modern state of Belgium). Spain ceded control over the Low Countries to Austria in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht following the conclusiong of the War of the Spanish Succession. The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-1830) claimed sovereignty over the Low Countries until the Revolution of 1830 by Republicans in Belgium was suppressed and the two separate monarchies or kingdoms established in the Netherlands and separately for modern Belgium. Thereafter the continuing role of monarchies in each state was convenient to a colonial system with interests in Indonesia, South Africa and the Belgian Congo.
In this section, though we'll focus on the rise and social and political function of painting in the Dutch Republic by examining the careers of Jan Vermeer, Rembrandt Van Rijn, Hans Hals.
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